The Viscosity of Dilute Solutions of Long-Chain Molecules. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 60, 1650-1662. Use of the single point method is correct because it is based in the Huggins method (HM); owing the HM requiring many viscosity and density measurements (at least four) for each Mw, but Solomon Ciuta method with a single measure is sufficient. Determination of constants, kM-H and a, from the intrinsic viscosity data, requires a series of monodisperse polymer samples with known molecular weight or a series of polydisperse polymer samples with known viscosity average molecular weights, Mv. Durand, A. Eng. The hydrodynamic radius of 2-NBDG glucose was too small to measure. PubMedGoogle Scholar. These values indicate for dextrans in dilute aqueous solution, both methods give very similar results of the intrinsic viscosity and the respective Mw. Ultimately they concluded that the temperature increment found to be an effective force in disturbing these interactions, mainly between polymer-polymer and polymer-solvent molecules for the used system. Doke SK, Dhawale SC. WebR H Hydrodynamic radius [m] The basic DLS setup. With FITC-dextran 20K, cumulative permeation in the human skin was 2.530.48M, and 3.340.19M in the pig skin, which significantly lower than FITC-dextran 4K. Cumulative amount of FITC-dextran permeated after microporation on the human and pig skin for FITC-dextran M.W.. a M.W. (2013). Ann Surg Oncol. The values of Mark-Houwink parameters could be universalized with certain precautions, being an indication for the calculation of molecular weight in the temperature range of 20-40C. Table 5 shows the data of Mark-Houwink parameters determined in figure 4 from linear regressions with 2 values higher than 0.9797. Dextran standards with sequence molecular weight from 8.8, 40, 71.9, 110, 200, 580 and 2000 kDa were utilized for the plot of calibration curve. Seven dextrans, provided by Sigma, with molecular weight of 8.8, 40, 71.9, 110, 200, 580 and 2000 kDa. what will you do to keep amazon safe answers; amarsi assisted living; peter clarke, emilia clarke; personality characteristics of kiran mazumdar shaw; karina mitchell age; mirela romanian orphan died; dsa presidential endorsement; dextran hydrodynamic radius. For Research Use Only. 2012 Sep 1;90(1):441-6. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.063. ; Tsuchiya, H.M.; Rist, C.E. Rotureau, E.; Dellacherie, E.; Durand, A. Similar results are obtained in references [35, 36, 37], using a system of dextran / ethylene glycol, and dextran/dimethylsulfoxide, respectively. This universalization of the parameters leads to a higher error ratio in the calculation of the respective molecular weights. Carbohydrate Polymers, 79, 380-390. The importance of this type of study lies in the analysis of the polysaccharide behavior at industrial processes, the requirements to reduce energy, avoid flow problems and product quality control. Masuelli, Martin Alberto. Microneedles and their applications. Hydrodynamic radii ( RH) were determined by dynamic light scattering. 2011;16(2):518. The first term on the left-hand side of equation 2 (i/c) has a linear relation as a function of the concentration (c in g/cm3), where is the intrinsic viscosity [] is given by (c0) [42, 43]. The most widely used method for the characterization of macromolecules is the capillary viscometry, as it is a simple and economic method. Micropores are produced by the arrangement of microelectrodes on the skin at precise dimensions, then RF energy generated by alternating currents induces ionic vibrations between electrodes with positive or negative charges. Bahary, W.S. In a poor solvent which shows a positive heat of mixing, segments of a polymer molecule attract each other in solution more strongly than attract the surrounding solvent molecules. 8600 Rockville Pike Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea, LG electronics, 19 Yangjae-daero 11-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06772, Republic of Korea, You can also search for this author in 2008;28(5):64557. WebIn this regard, we chose as crowding agents a number of polymers with hydrodynamic dimensions comparable to those of iRFP713 in different structural states: polyethylene glycol8,000(PEG-8000)withaneffectivehydrodynamicradiusof24.5 1.9(Devanand & Selser, 1991), Dextran-40 and Dextran-70 with hydrodynamic radius of 44.550 and 5864 , The column was eluted with bidestilled water a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, injection 5L, back pressure 200psi. The molecular weight and Simha number do not change in this temperature range (Mw from 8.8-200kDa), P slightly change, showing modifications in the hydrodynamic properties of the biopolymer in aqueous solution as [] and RH. Pig skins (Micropig Franz cell membrane) were supplied by Medi Kinetics Co., Ltd. (Pyeongtaek, Korea). 2013 May;64(3):346-54. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2012.734289. 4K and M.W. Harding, Stephen E. (2005). It is worth noting that the size of macromolecules is much bigger than that of solvent (water) molecules [50]. WebTo address this perception, in the current study, FITC-dextran of different MWs (10, 70 and 150 kDa) was used to model the transdermal delivery of low MW biotherapeutics and mAbs with MWs of approximately 150 kDa. Kuge Takashi; Kimie Kobayashi; Shinichi Kitamura; Hiroshi Tanahashi. (2008). The slope is a value and intercept is equal to the ln kMH value [47]. All branched polysaccharide types could be described approximately by the hyperbranching theory. The increased TEWL values which were proportional to the number of microspores indicate SC disruption and formation of microchannels in the skin. Google Scholar. Aqueous solutions of amphiphilic polysaccharides: Concentration and temperature effect on viscosity. WebTry out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 277, 99-104. A solvent at this temperature is called a theta solvent [53]. Human cadaver skin has been confirmed as alive skin tissue through analysis of its morphology and enzymes, and its usefulness as an alternative skin membrane in drug permeation experiments has been verified [20]. De Belder, A. N. (2001). statement and The qM-H values given by equation 13, these vary from 0.9993 to 0.9841 for the range between 8.8 to 200kDa in a temperature range of 20 to 40C. Springer Editions. 2021 Aug;13(4):915-925. doi: 10.1007/s12602-021-09751-1. Radiofrequency with microneedling. (1954). Table 1 shows some values of dextrans Mark-Houwink parameters, from literature consulted, where all data are based on the logarithmic plot of intrinsic viscosity [] and molecular weight Mw. ; Dutt, N.V.K. eCollection 2018 Feb. Molecules. ; Aberle, T; Burchard, W. (2000). The Principle of the Suspended Level: Applications to the Measurement of Viscosity and Other Properties of Liquids. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 42, 133-137. As intrinsic viscosity of dextrans decreases with an increase in solution temperature; chain flexibility enhances with an increase in temperature (see Table 4) showing that the intrinsic viscosity of dextran (with different molecular weights Mw from 8.8 to 200kDa) decreases linearly with an temperature increase in solution, but change to high molecular weight to hyperbranched macromolecule. WebIn this work, hydrodynamic properties are investigated in different dextran aqueous solutions with different molecular weights (8.8-2000kDa), in a temperature range from 20C to 50C. government site. The particular dextrans which were used initially for conversion into synthetic blood-volume expanders [6, 7], human red blood cells aggregation for increasing the degree of polymerization and hence the molecular weight [8, 9, 10], hydrogels and microspheres [11], in drug transport system and its modifications as nanoparticles [12], in the removal through absorption of contaminant effluents such as heavy metals, organic molecules and inks [13], in the formation of biodegradable films [14, 15]. The a value is higher than calculated in this work, because these calculations were performed with number average molecular weight (Mn) which rearranges the value of a and forces him to enter into unbranched or linear molecules (a > 0.5), on the other hand, if molecular weights (Mw) ware used to value would be less than 0.5. Dear Sir. Alan F Rawle , Can you help me in calculating the size of dextran 4 (molecular weight= 4000) and dextran 10 (molecular weight 10,000)? Th Keratinocytes adjacent to the wound site induced by the microporation in the epidermis undergo a series of modifications that allow their proliferation and migration to the wound. Advances in chemistry series Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., pp. The receptor chamber was filled with PBS. Determination of the intrinsic viscosity has been the most used measurement in the last 60 years. Challenges for the modern analytical ultracentrifuge analysis of polysaccharides. 2. Springer Nature. Table 2 compares the properties of nanoparticles coated with one or other polymer. Carbohydrate Polymers, 68, 477-488. Quintanilla-Pineda M, Achou CG, Daz J, Gutirrez-Falcon A, Bravo M, Herrera-Muoz JI, Pea-Navarro N, Alvarado C, Ibaez FC, Marzo F. Foods. SEC of mono-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in a wide range of pH, MarkHouwink constants. 1984;17(6):11703. (2007). Alternatives to animal testing: a review. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41, 1260-1267. (2007). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The value of Mv is different from Mn, Mw, and Mz in a polydisperse polymer sample [38, 60, 61, 62]. Fractional thermolysis by bipolar radiofrequency facilitates cutaneous delivery of peptide and siRNA with minor loss of barrier function. The mostly used commercial product/ polysaccharide is dextran, and it is produced from bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides, with an overall degree of branching of about 5% [1-3][1]. The reason for a nonlinear Mark-Houwink relationship is confirmed by the intrinsic viscosity which in contrast with scaling prediction shows no power law behavior. Strategies to improve the potential of transdermal devices by enhancing the skin permeation of therapeutic entities. Charge: Anionic. The skins were from the abdomen of a 39-year-old caucasian woman (BMI: 24). Huggins, Maurice L. (1942). The polymer molecule assumes a tighter configuration, and the solution has a lower intrinsic viscosity. Thus, it is a common practice to express the frictional coefficient of rigid structures as. CAS Epub 2012 May 28. Chen Rong Huei; Wei Yu Chen; Shang Ta Wang; Chu Hsi Hsu; Min Lang Tsai (2009). 10K, and c M.W. In addition, the permeation rate was higher in pig skin than in human skin. Viscotek GmbH, Europe. Immediately after 2, 5, and 10 times microporations, 97.1432.39, 80.5715.51, and 82.3916.49m sizes of micropores were formed on the skin, respectively. Progress in Biophysical Molecules Biological, 68, 207-262. Dilute solution properties and degree of chain branching for dextran. The regeneration of micropores in the human cadaver skin caused by microporation was confirmed using an optical microscope and haematoxylin/eosin (H&E) staining. 2009;6(4):34354. Colloid Polym. ; Weisz, J. 2019;26(1):25261. After the pore closure examination, each sample was stored in a 10% neutral buffered formalin awaiting haematoxylin/eosin (H&E) staining. FITC-derivatives have been used for a variety of biological applications for more than 40 yeras. Liu Zonghua; Yanpeng Jiao; Yifei Wang; Changren Zhou; Ziyong Zhang (2008). 2013, Article ID 360239, pp. (2012). Chromatographic characterization of polymers: Hyphenated and multidimensional techniques. These constants can be determined experimentally by measuring the intrinsic viscosity of several polymer samples for which the molecular weight has been determined by an independent method (i.e. Transdermal delivery of FITC-Dextrans with different molecular weights using radiofrequency microporation. Banga AK. Thus, it is accepted that, for every flexible-chain polymer in a (ideal) solvent, there is a universal value of 0 = 2.1-2.5x1023mol-1 [52]. Chem. These structural differences can significantly affect FITC-dextran delivery due to even after microporation [30]. We will also conduct further studies on the regeneration of human cadaver skin and evaluate the possibilities of clinical trials. A lot of research has been devoted to dextrans modification in order to describe special characteristics relevant to specific applications such as surfactants [16], as visible marker [17], polysaccharides-based nanoparticles, covalent crosslinking [18], ionic crosslinking, polyelectrolyte complex, and the self-assembly of hydrophobically modified polysaccharides, and hydrophilic modified polysaccharides [19]. Webdextran hydrodynamic radius. 2005;22(4):5505. Journal of Controlled Release, 119, 5-24. 4K was 10.611.68 and 13.440.18M in human and pig skin, respectively. Article Progress in Measurement, Interpretation and Application to Structure in Dilute Solution. To confirm the extent of skin damage and regeneration after microporation, porations were performed 2, 5, and 10 times. Food Sci Biotechnol. Huang S, Huang G. Preparation and drug delivery of dextran-drug complex. However, when molecules deviate from globular to non-spherical or elongated structures then Rg/Rh tend to values upwards of Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 13, 2031-2032. Castellanos Gil, E. E.; Iraizoz Colarte, A.; El Ghzaoui, A.; Durand, D.; Delarbre, J.L. 2012;87(6):1728. Static and Dynamic Light-Scattering Solution Behavior of Pullulan and Dextran in Comparison. The effectiveness of the RF microporation technique in transdermal drug delivery of macromolecules and hydrophilic agents such as peptides, hormones, and vaccines has been demonstrated extensively in previous studies [16,17,18]. The (a/b) value is 2.5 which confirms that dextran in aqueous solution is a biopolymer with a spherical conformation for an Mw range from 8.8 to 200kDa, and with tendency to compaction with increasing temperature (RH decreases). Gekko, K. (1971). PMC Middelkoop E, Bogaerdt AJ, Lamme EN, Hoekstra MJ, Brandsma K, Ulrich MMW. Optical properties of dextran in solution and in films. Fusco V, Quero GM, Cho GS, Kabisch J, Meske D, Neve H, Bockelmann W, Franz CM. Corp. (Seoul, Korea). A few percent of R (13) glucosidic linkages provides side chains which appear to be short. Indo AM J Pharm. "Dextrans in Aqueous Solution. Effect of temperature on the intrinsic viscosity and conformation of chitosan in dilute HCl solution. Lucifer yellow (LY) and FITC-labelled dextran stock solutions were prepared in Ringers-HEPES buffer (150 mM NaCl, 3.4 mM CaCl 2, 1.2 mM MgCl 2, 5.2 mM KCl, 0.5 mM NaHCO 3, 2.8 mM glucose, and 10 mM HEPES) and frozen at 20C. 2012;9(2):14754. The same way, many of these authors emphasize the non-linear or hyperbranched of dextran molecular weight range from 9 to 2000kDa [3,5,8,16, 37,38]. Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive alternative that addresses the limitations of oral and parenteral routes of drug administration; it enables controlled release and long-term systemic drug delivery through the skin, avoids hepatic first-pass effect, avoids gastrointestinal drug degradation, reduces discomfort and trauma resulting from hypodermic injections, and prevents safety hazards associated with dangerous medical waste from needles [1, 2]. WebDextran displays excellent biocompatibility and have been used clinically for over 50 years. Part of SWC designed and coordinated the research. Carbohydrate Polymers 87, 405-410. 2003;89(2):31120. Ind. Various average molecular weights (Mv, Mn, Mw, and Mz) instead of Mv were substituted in M-H equation. Recent Pat. Progr. TEWL measurements were taken to assess the integrity of the skin barrier and the extent of SC disruption. American Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013, 1(3), 60-66. Whiteside PJD, Chininis JA, Schellenberg MW, Qian C, Hunt HK. Skin barrier disruption by acetone: observations in a hairless mouse skin model. For 40 kDa molecules, the hydrodynamic diameter d h ~8 nm is much smaller than the collagen mesh size [33,41]. Carbohydrate Polymers 99, 199-207. Carbohydrate Polymers 72, 356-360. DLS tests were conducted at detection angle of 90 (standard) and 173 (backscatter) to measure protein hydrodynamic radius, while protein charge was examined in phase analysis light scattering (PALS) mode at detection angle of 15 (forward). Kloster, C.; Bica C.; Rochas C.; Samios, D.; Geissler, E. (2000). For 40 kDa molecules, the hydrodynamic diameter dh ~8 nm is much smaller than the collagen mesh size [ 33, 41 ]. Formation of dextran hydrogels by crystallization. Just in case anyone wants to use a different molecular weight to estimate the hydrodynamic size: the calculator is integrated into the classic Zeta Thermo Fisher Scientific. One day before the experiment, the skin was stabilized in the skin culture medium. Terms and Conditions, This device can generate microchannels from the SC through to the outer dermis and allow transdermal delivery of active agents. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 23, 135-141. For data requests, please contact the authors. FITC-dextran solution (600L) was added to the donor chamber. Analytical Chemistry. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. The dextran has the advantage in terms of low cytotoxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and water-solubility. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Dextran Specifications: Label (Ex/Em): Fluorescein (494/521) Size: 40,000 MW. The Dextrans intrinsic viscosity is determined as a function of the molecular weight in water and NaOH 0.5 M see reference [1]. Peptide and protein transdermal drug delivery. 4K, 10K, and 20K) permeated through the human, and pig skin after microporation. 10% neutral buffered formalin was purchased from Hisko (Gunpo, Korea). In Vitro Evaluation of Postbiotics Produced from Bacterial Isolates Obtained from Rainbow Trout and Nile Tilapia against the Pathogens, Dextran-Mimetic Quantum Dots for Multimodal Macrophage Imaging, Isolation of lactic acid bacteria starters from, Characterization of Antibacterial Cell-Free Supernatant from Oral Care Probiotic. Equivalent Radii and Ratios of Radii from Solution Properties as Indicators of Macromolecular Conformation, Shape, and Flexibility. Figure4 shows the histological analysis of micropores in human cadaver skin. Lee WR, Shen SC, Sun CK, Aljuffali IA, Suen SY, Lin YK, Wang JJ, Fang JY. Pharm Res. The Mark-Houwink parameters is calculated molecular weights range from 8.8 to 200kDa. Careers. Arch Dermatol Res. (1999). WebHydrodyamic Radius, R H: In addition to the analytic size of a linear (C=1) chain, the end to end distance, R eted or R 0, and the structural size, the radius or gyration, R g, dynamic measurements yield a size called the hydrodynamic radius, R H. Consider a rod particle of length L=10R where R is the radius. GPC Symp. Hydrodynamic properties, such as the intrinsic viscosity, [], and equilibrium solution properties such as the hydrodynamic radius RH can be combined to construct dimensionless quantities that are universal since they are of being independent of the macromolecular particle size, while they depend more or less sensitively on its shape [51]. ; Yevlampieva N.P. Herwadkar A, Banga AK. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Characterization and Classification of Dextrans from Ninety-six Strains of Bacteria. In vivo iontophoretic delivery of salmon calcitonin across microporated skin. Pure Appl. 151-166. The micropores were developed on pig skin and human cadaver skin with dermal and epidermal layers by the microporation device. Synthesis of water-soluble and water-insoluble amphiphilic derivatives of dextran in organic medium. European. Molecular weight (Mv) and hydrodynamic properties can be calculated from there.