Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. Because most enzymes are proteins, their activity is affected by factors that disrupt protein structure, as well as by factors that affect catalysts in general. Repeat the experiment with hydrogen peroxide concentrations . An increase in the substrate concentration (at constant enzyme concentration) leads to proportional increases in the rate of the reaction. Fast Red TR/Naphthol AS-MX and TR phosphate (4-Chloro-2-methylbenzenediazonium/ 3- Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid 2,4-dimethylanilide phosphate) substrate systems have been formulated and optimized for use in immunohistology and western blotting as a precipitating substrate for the detection of alkaline phosphatase activity.Fast Red systems produce an insoluble intense red end product. The biological reaction of acetate can be written as follows: (a) If acetate is used as organic substrate, oxidation reaction at anode is CH3COOH + 2H2O 2CO2 + 8H+ + 8e reduction reaction at cathode is 8H+ + 8e + 2O2 4H2O overall reaction is CH3COOH+ 2O2 2CO2 + 2H2O + electricity + biomass 2.2. Reaction stop with low concentrated acids. In this case, the enzyme and the substrate do not recognize each other, so there will be no reaction. Change concentration of substrates and products Lineweaver-Burk plot - Intercept (1/V max): the velocity at saturated substrate concentration It changes when the substrate A binds to a different enzyme form with the substrate B - Slope (K M/V max): the rate at low substrate concentration It changes when both A and B. RG Building & Landscape Services Ltdis an established family run business, with over 35 years combined experience in all aspects of building and construction for the private householder, commercial and corporate clients. Factors that Affect Enzymes' Action: The activities of enzymes are affected by various factors, like the temperature, pH, and concentration. strate sb-strt 1 : substratum sense 1 2 : the base on which an organism lives 3 Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. Acidic or basic conditions can disrupt the hydrogen bonds between the loops of the protein chains. If this disruption occurs near the active site, the enzyme can become distorted and not fit the substrate perfectly. The rate of reaction is reduced as more enzymes become denatured. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, a. When the substrate concentration increased from 10 to 25 g/L, the reducing sugar concentrations in the broth of the four chambers of the bioreactor all showed a continuous increasing trend.When the substrate concentration was 25 g/L, the reducing sugar concentration in the broth of reaction chamber 4 was 6.71 0.12 g/L.A large amount of substrate was lost from the bioreactor, which caused . the substrate it works on, the chemical reaction it catalyzes Ends with -ase Examples of enzymes sucrase, lactase, maltase, pepsin Sucrose dissacharide that must be broken down into its individual sugars to be used by our body Sucrase enzyme that allows sucrose to be broken down quickly Coupled Reactions: Bioenergetics Energy transfer from one molecule to another couples chemical reactions If the shape of the enzyme changed, it would no longer work. To Read Reaction: opped should be read within 30 minutes. _______ When all substrates are used, the reaction stops. 1. Enzymes act on substrates. Label the enzyme, substrate, active site, and products on diagram. The Effect of Substrate Concentration on Enzyme Activity. Label the enzyme, substrate, active site, and products on . 2. anatomy-and-physiology. chemical reaction, a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products. 2) the concentration of substrates A substance that helps a chemical reaction to occur is a catalyst, and the special molecules that catalyze biochemical reactions are called enzymes. without en Identify the part of the graph that shows: B IA a) L overall energy released during reaction b) Activation energy with enzyme Activation energy . Enzyme activity occurs within a narrow range of temperatures compared to ordinary chemical reactions. The pathway will begin in either the liver or kidney, in the mitochondria or cytoplasm of those cells, this being dependent on the substrate being used. Chapter 20, Objective 23: Concerning Otto Shape, can succinate be oxidized without oxygen being consumed? Let's consider an analogy. Enzymes speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to start. After all the active sites of the enzyme are occupied by substrate, there will no further increase in rate of reaction. _____ The substrate is changed in the reaction. For example, the optimum pH for pepsin, an enzyme that is active in the stomach, is 2.0. The method header is. 6) The following substrate concentration [S] versus time data were obtained during an enzymecatalysed reaction: t = 0 min, [ S] = 1.00 M; 20 min, 0.90 M; 60 min, 0.70 M; 100 M, 0.50 M; 160 min, 0.20 M. What is the order of this reaction with respect to S in the concentration range studied? Products. 2. 6.5: Enzymes. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Write a test program that prompts the user to enter a decimal number and displays its binary equivalent. The building blocks added on to a growing daughter strand are individual nucleotides. The enzyme, including its active site, will change shape and the substrate no longer fit. In the scientific sense, reactions eventually stop primarily because of the gradual loss of energy contained within an object or object being put into action. N.S. It catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Enzymes speed the reaction, or allow it to occur at lower energy levels and, once the reaction is complete, they are again available. Enzymes change reactants from solid to liquids during the reactions. Enzymes work best at optimal temperature and pH For example, the enzyme, pepsin, in your stomach must be able to function in a highly acidic environment to break peptide bonds found in proteins. For the substrate at 1 and 2 g of bended potato used, the maximum volume of oxygen gas evolved has reached within 300 seconds and a plateau is obtained. Enzymes are not permanently changed in the chemicalreactions in Once all of the substrate is bound, the reaction will no longer speed up, since there will be nothing for additional enzymes to bind to. The protein nature of the enzymes makes them extremely sensitive to thermal changes. The reaction that takes place when you digest lactose involves splitting lactose into its two components, glucose and galactose. Many of the reactions are the reverse of steps found in glycolysis. 3.4: Multisubstrate Systems. To achieve this, a procedure must be found to identify the product. 2. In other words, the enzyme molecules are saturated with substrate. It doesn't apply to all reactions. If the shape of the enzyme changed, it would no longer work. 1: Concentration versus Reaction Rate. Of course, this substrate is chemically modified by the . In practice, it is usual to use a concentration of substrate about 10 - 20-fold higher than the Km in order to determine the activity of an enzyme in a sample. (a) This graph shows the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of a reaction that is catalyzed by a fixed amount of enzyme. Acidic or basic conditions can disrupt the hydrogen bonds between the loops of the protein chains. Transition state analogs (transition state analogues), are chemical compounds with a chemical structure that resembles the transition state of a substrate molecule in an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction.Enzymes interact with a substrate by means of strain or distortions, moving the substrate towards the transition state. A substance that enters the active site of an enzyme in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. f. _______ When all substrates are used, the reaction stops. A general rule of thumb for most chemical reactions is that a temperature rise of 10C approximately doubles the reaction rate. can you please explain this ? Extreme pH values can cause enzymes to denature. Enzymes speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to start. RNA is _ stranded, Michelle Provost-Craig, Susan J. Because of this specificity, enzymes often have been named by adding the suffix "-ase" to the substrate's name (as in urease, which catalyzes the breakdown of urea). It must depends of all conditions of the reaction: stability of substrates, products and of course, the nature of the enzyme. Read absorbance at 450 nm within 60 minutes. f. When all substrates are used, the reaction stops. Coupled reactions : We mentioned that reactions in living systems are coupled to prevent the waste of energy. There are three common types of enzyme inhibition - competitive, non-competitive and substrate inhibition. (a) This graph shows the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of a reaction that is catalyzed by a fixed amount of enzyme. The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction increases with an increase in the concentration of an enzyme. In a narrow range of pH, the structural and morphological changes of enzymes and substrates may be reversible. An enzyme substrate complex is formed, and the forces exerted on the substrate by the enzyme cause it to react, and become the product of the intended reaction. ATP, ADP, and NADH are examples of molecules that regulate cellular respiration enzymes. Enzymes are designed to work most effectively at a specific temperature and pH. In enzyme: Nomenclature. When enzymes change shape, the process is referred . Enzymatic reactions requiring multiple substrates and yielding multiple products are more common and yielding multiple products are more common than single-substrate reaction. Enzyme inhibitors are substances which alter the catalytic action of the enzyme and consequently slow down, or in some cases, stop catalysis. 2. (Solved): can you please explain this ? The enzymes will require less energy to function than at 70 C. TMB Substrate used is ready to use for ELISA detection. oxidase, dehydrogenase, carboxylase), although individual proteolytic enzymes generally have the suffix -in (e.g. Inhibitor binding is either reversible or irreversible. The reaction started as soon as Catalase touched the surface of hydrogen peroxide. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions; in some cases, enzymes can make a chemical reaction millions of times faster than it would have been without it. The substrate must also be free of cracks wide enough to telegraph through the flooring material. f. When all substrates are used, the reaction stops. The luminescence assay (MAO . _____ Enzymes interact with many different substrates. The active site is the area of the enzyme capable of . This is due to the shape of the active site and any other substrates cannot bind to the active site. Sterically Hindered Substrates Will Reduce the S N 2 Reaction Rate. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. With 20 people at the stand, the rate would still be 10 arrivals in 10 minutes. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels resulting from a pancreatic -cell secretory insufficiency combined with insulin resistance, most significantly manifested in skeletal muscle and liver (1). Effect of PH on enzymes Therefore, e increase. The color then changes to yellow with the addition of sulfuric or phosphoric acid (stop solution) with maximum absorbance at 450 nm. The reaction can be stopped using appropriate stop solution (see below), producing a soluble yellow or soluble blue reaction product, depending upon the stop reagent used, which is stable for at least 1 hour. In biology, the surface on which an organism such as a plant, fungus, or animal lives we call it as a substrate. An increase in the concentration of substrate means that more of the enzyme molecules can be utilized. Competitive inhibition: substrate (S) and . c. _____ An enzyme can be reused with a new substrate. They can also be extracted from cells and then used to catalyse a wide range of commercially important processes. Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. f. _____ When all substrates are used, the reaction stops. answer choices. Glucose However, this enhancement of reaction is limited. An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to enzymes and decreases their activity. Once an enzyme binds to a substrate and catalyzes the reaction, the enzyme is released, unchanged, and can be used for another reaction. RNA has the sugar _ b. Enzymes change shape after a reaction occurs. Predict the substrate for the reaction shown below. An enzyme can be reused with a new substrate. Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (Ball et al. Answer: B. ATP, for instance, is a "stop" signal: high levels mean that the cell has enough ATP and does not need to make more through cellular respiration. In the presence of a given amount of enzyme, the rate of an enzymatic reaction increases as the substrate concentration increases until a limiting rate is reached, after which further increase in the substrate concentration produces no significant change in the reaction rate (part (a) of Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Wood subfloors can have moisture issues, especially particleboard or OSB (oriented strand board . A large number of boronic acids and boronate esters are now commercially available and the majority of aryl halides, including the traditionally challenging aryl chlorides, can . Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. Not surprisingly, most enzymes exhibit optimal activity in this pH range. If the reader can read at 570 nm, the absorbance at 570 nm can be subtracted from the . This equation provides the basis for defining the Michaelis constant for any substrate in a reaction with more than one substrate: the Michaelis constant for A, K mA, is the value of the apparent Michaelis constant for A when the concentrations of all substrates except A are extrapolated to infinity. Enzymes 162 All reactions have a required energy of activation 162 An enzyme lowers a reaction's activation energy 163 An enzyme works by forming an enzyme-substrate complex 163 Enzymes are specific 164 Many enzymes require cofactors 164 Enzymes are most effective at optimal conditions 165 Enzymes are organized into teams in metabolic pathways 166 The cell regulates enzymatic activity 166 . However, at some point enzyme activity will saturate, meaning it stops increasing, even if . The rate of reaction will be affected, or the reaction will stop. A. Because of this specificity, enzymes often have been named by adding the suffix "-ase" to the substrate's name (as in urease, which catalyzes the breakdown of urea). Then, the reaction products are released from the pocket, and the enzyme is ready to start all over again with another substrate molecule. Types of Chemical Reactions. A series of NMR titrations was performed to explore the interactions between the substrates and ethanol cosolvents. 180 0839 16GB | All Prices Are Subject To VAT @20%, largest companies in orange county by revenue, react native fetch network request failed, how to report unsafe living conditions of elderly, how to hit a baseball in a certain direction, susan bordo the body and the reproduction of femininity, devil's ridge cavern opening hidden by tears, pillsbury crescent dough sheet apple recipes, St John's Northwestern Military Academy Lawsuit, blue heeler puppies for sale in south dakota, biometrics for australian visa in islamabad, manchester airport security fast track worth it. For the substrate at 1 and 2 g of bended potato used, the maximum volume of oxygen gas evolved has reached within 300 seconds and a plateau is obtained. When to Stop Substrate Reaction: Upon addition of stop solution, absorbance values increase 2 -3-fold. Compare the activation. Each enzyme becomes active at a certain pH level. This is because the reaction has completed for all substrates. Color intensity is an indication of analyte level. If a solution is too acidic or basic, the enzyme can _ or change it's shape so that the substrate will no longer fit. In general, most enzymes remain stable and work well in the pH range of 6 and 8. f. ___T____ When all substrates are used, the reaction stops. Since . It is an anaerobic fermentation reaction that occurs in some bacteria and animal cells . This is a case of feedback inhibition, in which a product "feeds back" to shut down its pathway. substitution reaction, any of a class of chemical reactions in which an atom, ion, or group of atoms or ions in a molecule is replaced by another atom, ion, or group. At 0C and 100C, the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is nearly zero. The efficiency of an enzyme is largely influenced by the pH value of its surroundings. When this happens, some of the substrate must "wait" for enzymes to clear their active sites . At some point near B, all the enzymes are being involved in reactions. It should be stated however that because of HRPs notoriously low specificity for compatible electron-donor-substrate candidates, it became possible over the years for the development of many chemical-structure-variable chromogenic . Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation rates. For a simple single-substrate reaction the possible modes of inhibitor binding are shown in Scheme 1. ab171527 is not recommended for membrane or immunohistochemical applications that require a precipitating reaction product. Enzymes No. 4. pH: Under constant other factor, pH affects the rate of reactions. 2. Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. The excess substrate molecules cannot react until the substrate already bound to the enzymes has reacted and been released (or been released without reacting). The Michaelis -Menten model of enzyme kinetics was derived for single substrate reactions. answer choices. Home / Expert Answers / Chemistry / can-you-please-explain-this-predict-the-substrate-for-the-reaction-shown-below-protection-pa584. It lets you spray nests with a 27 ft. Wasping first originated in Ohio, where an inspector with the Summit County Sheriff's Office said people were using the wasp killer to get high. As the enzyme molecules become saturated with substrate, this increase in reaction rate levels off. _____ The substrate is changed in the reaction. reactions. When all substrates are used the reaction stops. If this disruption occurs near the active site, the enzyme can become distorted and not fit the substrate perfectly. Both reactions must occur for either to occur. Enzymes are not reactants and are not used up during the reaction. 8-27). Enzymes speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to start. Remember, in diagram. f. When all substrates are used, the reaction stops. _____ When all substrates are used, the reaction stops. As more enzymes become involved in reactions, the rate of reaction increases. Reaction 2 Substrate Y Product B Product C Reaction 1 Substrate A Catalysis of one reaction allows the catalysis of a second reaction by a different active site on the same enzyme. In the case of a single substrate, the substrate binds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. The substrates and enzyme form a bond, which is cause to change . Enzymes are reusable. enzymes ____________ very few different reactions, changing the shape of an enzyme or other protein so that it can no longer carry out its function, activity _________ as temp ________ until an optimum temp is reached, heat breaks bonds, the enzyme denatures, and enzyme function decreases rapidly, as ph _________ (gets more basic) or _________ (gets more acidic) from optimum, the enzyme activity ________ (enzyme denatures), the optimum ph for most enzymes is between, enzymes change shape after a reaction occurs (t or f), an enzyme can be reused with a new substrate (t or f), the substrate is changed in the reaction (t or f), when all substrates are used, the reaction stops (t or f), Christy C. Hayhoe, Doug Hayhoe, Jeff Major, Maurice DiGiuseppe. When all substrates are used, the reaction stops. If the shape of the enzyme changed, it would no longer work. c. _____ An enzyme can be reused with a new substrate. In the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme conjugates, TMB and peroxide react to produce a blue byproduct having maximum absorbance at 605nm. Reconsider the decomposition of H 2 O 2, which is accelerated 3 x 10 4 times in the presence of ferric ions and accelerated 1 x 10 8 times in the presence of the enzyme catalase. 2. 90, 360368 (1964). Because the reaction has to shift to the right to reach equilibrium, the PCl 5 concentration will become smaller, while the PCl 3 and Cl 2 concentration will become larger. Initially, an increase in substrate concentration leads to an increase in the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. A substrate binds to the active site of an . After the reaction is complete the enzyme will _. In order to quantify an ELISA, you need a substrate-enzyme pair. _____ When all substrates are used, the reaction stops. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions; in some cases, enzymes can make a chemical reaction millions of times faster than it would have been without it. Sulfuric acid change the pH of the medium so . Share it! Long term stability at room temperature. In endpoint assays, the substrate reaction can be stopped using equal volumes of 1 N HCl, 0.6 N sulfuric acid, or one of the stop solutions (ab171529 and ab171531). Houghton Regis T or F: Adding more substrates will increase the rate of reaction. _____ Enzymes interact with many different substrates. 2. When all substrates are used the reaction stops . Enzymes speed up the reaction by lowering the activation . An enzyme's function is dependent on its ______. The pearlescent effect acrylic colors for car and motorcycle model making are high performance products deriving from research in the professional airbrushing sector of custom painting. In the case of a single substrate, the substrate binds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. Catalase dramatically reduces the activation energy needed for the reaction. Two reactants might also enter a reaction, both become modified, and leave the reaction as two products. An enzyme can be reused with a new substrate. This happens because all the substrate is being broken down by the exact same amount of enzyme, so enzymes will be present which have no substrate to break down. Enzymes bind with chemical reactants called substrates. Enzymes speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to start. There may be one or more substrates for each type of enzyme, depending on the particular chemical reaction. Catalase in general seems to protect organisms, including potato . While . Introduction: An Enzyme is a protein, which is capable of starting a chemical reaction, which involves the formation or breakage of chemical bonds. A substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. More specifically, if we use Trypsin from the graph above as our example, at a pH of 4, the reaction rate is zero. Before all the H2O2 is converted to H2O and O2 , the reaction is stopped by adding sulfuric acid ( H2SO4 ). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The part of an enzyme where the chemical reaction occurs. The rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction is calculated by measuring the rate at which a substrate is used up or by the rate at which a product is formed. Correct answers: 2 question: When all substrates are used, the reaction stops. the reaction has come to a stop ? Enzymes typically increase the rate of a reaction by 10 7 - 10 14 -fold. 2H 2 O 2 + Catalase >>> 2H 2 O + O 2. We could simply call the substrate the reactant, and this is the material upon which the catalyst acts, combining somehow, such that the activation energy of the given reaction is modified, and this also modifies the rate of reaction . Enzyme reactions can be slowed or halted using inhibitors. At low temperatures, an increase in temperature increases the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Answer true or false to the following statements based on the graphic: Enzymes interact with many different substrates. this goes the same as an enzymes active site and the substrate. and took absorbance . Hall, William C. Rose, Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Introduction to Research Ch. 2. Recall that Km is the substrate concentration at which half . Once the 5ml of hydrogen peroxide was put into the test tube with the liver, the reaction rate was slow. The TMB substrate reacts with immobilized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated antibodies to produce a blue solution. b) _____ Allosteric inhibitors block the active site. 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