On July 24, Nixon was touring the exhibits with Soviet First Secretary and Premier Nikita Khrushchev when the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in an impromptu exchange about the merits of capitalism versus communism that became known as the "Kitchen Debate". Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications", "The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives", "Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism", National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, "The Republican ReversalJames Morton Turner, Andrew C. Isenberg | Harvard University Press", "MIT lecture notes in "Aircraft Systems Engineering," fall 2005, on early Space Shuttle policy", "Protesters Heckle Nixon at Oxford Opponents of Oxford Speech Cool Nixon's Warm Welcome", "Nixon Center Becomes Center for the National Interest", "THE 37TH PRESIDENT: THE LAST DAYS; Disabled, Yet Retaining Control Over His Care", "Kissinger says Trump, Nixon foreign policies similar, warns Biden on Iran", "How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Bestand WorstPresidents? Amid protests at home demanding an immediate pullout, he implemented a strategy of replacing American troops with Vietnamese troops, known as "Vietnamization". [180], During the previous two years, Nixon had made considerable progress in U.S.Soviet relations, and he embarked on a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974. Nixon said of this, Even with close friends, I don't believe in letting your hair down, confiding this and that and the other thingsaying, "Gee, I couldn't sleep" I believe you should keep your troubles to yourself. Nixon addressed the Oxford Union regarding Watergate: [Some people] felt that on this matter that I had not handled it properly, and they were right. An intensive 11-day bombing campaign of Hanoi and other North Vietnamese cities in late December (the Christmas bombings) was followed by more negotiations, and a new agreement was finally reached in January 1973 and signed in Paris. To reclaim a respected place in American public life after his resignation, he kept traveling and thinking and talking to the world's leaders and by the time Bill Clinton came to the White House [in 1993], Nixon had virtually cemented his role as an elder statesman. ", "From afar: An indomitable man, an incurable loneliness", "The Fall and Rise of an American President", "Democrats: The long journey to disaster", "The KennedyNixon Presidential Debates, 1960", "The All-Volunteer Army After Twenty Years: Recruiting in the Modern Era", "American President: Richard Milhous Nixon (19131994), Foreign Affairs", "Why Richard Nixon Deserves to Be Remembered Along with, "Kennedy Wins 1960 Presidential Election", "Postage rates for periodicals: A narrative history", "New Actions To Prevent Illnesses And Accidents", "Statement on Signing the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act", "Sickle Cell Research for Treatment and Cure", "President Nixon's Troublesome Tax Returns", "Tax Day 2011: Why do presidents release tax returns? [206][207][c] While Nixon called for increased spending on such high-profile items as sickle-cell disease and for a War on Cancer, at the same time he sought to reduce overall spending at the National Institutes of Health. [220] NASA cancelled the last three planned Apollo lunar missions to place Skylab in orbit more efficiently and free money up for the design and construction of the Space Shuttle. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal. [260] He was handicapped in this work by the end of his transition allowance in February, which compelled him to part with many of his staff, including Ziegler. When Soviet Premier Brezhnev threatened to unilaterally enforce any peacekeeping mission militarily, Nixon ordered the U.S. military to DEFCON3,[183] placing all U.S. military personnel and bases on alert for nuclear war. [194] Nixon's decision to end the gold standard in the United States led to the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. At the same time, he assured U.S. allies that the United States would continue to use its nuclear arsenal to shield them from nuclear threats. They collaborated closely, bypassing Cabinet officials. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. We will see it through. Omissions? Jimmy Carter, continuing violence in the Middle East and the overthrow of the shah of Iran by revolutionary forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1979 destabilized the region so much that the guidelines of the Nixon Doctrine no longer served U.S. national interests. Nixon was less successful in the Middle East, where his administrations comprehensive plan for peace, the Rogers Plan (named for Nixons first secretary of state, William Rogers), was rejected by both Israel and the Soviet Union. [250] Following this trip, Nixon was ranked in a Gallup poll as one of the ten most admired men in the world. [141] On July 15, 1971, with announcements from Washington and Beijing that astounded the world, it was learned that the President would visit China the following February. Given the immense attention to Watergate down to the present, it is no wonder that we forget how effective Richard M. Nixon was as a president. In step with his conservative beliefs, his administration incrementally transferred power from the federal government to the states. [246] He defended his record as president, quoting from Theodore Roosevelt's 1910 speech Citizenship in a Republic: Sometimes I have succeeded and sometimes I have failed, but always I have taken heart from what Theodore Roosevelt once said about the man in the arena, "whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs and comes up short again and again because there is not effort without error and shortcoming, but who does actually strive to do the deed, who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, who spends himself in a worthy cause, who at the best knows in the end the triumphs of high achievements and who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly". All the best! - Nixon and Mao discussed Taiwan, Vietnam and trade, - Nixon administration had successfully opened a dialogue with an enemy and Beijing encouraged North Vietnam to agree to peace [194] Bowles points out, by identifying himself with a policy whose purpose was inflation's defeat, Nixon made it difficult for Democratic opponents to criticize him. "[280] Newsweek ran a story on "Nixon's comeback" with the headline "He's back". [75] He supported statehood for Alaska and Hawaii, voted in favor of civil rights for minorities, and supported federal disaster relief for India and Yugoslavia. By basing the US foreign policy on realist rather than moral principles, Nixon pursued a policy of d;tente and developed more cordial relations with the Soviet Union. There is a good reason why I am a repeat customer at EssaysWriters.com. the diplomatic initiatives of President Carter and Secretary Vance were quite successful. NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine drew up ambitious plans for the establishment of a permanent base on the Moon by the end of the 1970s and the launch of a crewed expedition to Mars as early as 1981. [166] After years of fighting, the Paris Peace Accords were signed at the beginning of 1973. [189] Nixon's major economic goal was to reduce inflation; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war. [309], Nixon's career was frequently dogged by his persona and the public's perception of it. Although President Richard Nixon is known more for the Watergate scandal and as the only US President to have resigned from office, he was responsible for introducing a number of bold and innovative foreign policy When Nixon took over the office of US President in 1969, the Vietnam War was the main issue in the country. - 55% of the population supported heavy bombing of Vietnam In February he visited Beijing, setting in motion normalization of relations with the People's Republic of [122], At the end of 1967, Nixon told his family he planned to run for president a second time. What were the limitations of the detente? I am thrilled to have discovered EssaysWriters.com, because this is a writing company that is 100% dependable and who produces excellent written assignments. - In 1973 the Soviets tested multiple warheads on missile this suggested that the soviets may take a lead in the number of warheads Israel suffered heavy losses and Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses, cutting through inter-departmental squabbles and bureaucracy and taking personal responsibility for any response by Arab nations. He called the conversation "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House". "[199] Other initiatives supported by Nixon included the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the National Environmental Policy Act required environmental impact statements for many Federal projects. In January 1945 he was transferred to the Bureau of Aeronautics office in Philadelphia to help negotiate the termination of war contracts, and received his second letter of commendation, from the Secretary of the Navy[50] for "meritorious service, tireless effort, and devotion to duty". Nixon and Kissinger planned to link arms control to dtente and to the resolution of other urgent problems through what Nixon called "linkage." More than a week later, by the time the U.S. and Soviet Union began negotiating a truce, Israel had penetrated deep into enemy territory. Eulogists at the Nixon Library ceremony included President Bill Clinton, former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole, California Governor Pete Wilson, and the Reverend Billy Graham. What was the outcome of what happened in 1971? [214] He also endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment after it passed both houses of Congress in 1972 and went to the states for ratification. Yet even in a spirit of historical revisionism, no simple verdict is possible. [104] When announcing his California campaign, Nixon had pledged not to run for president in 1964; even if he had not, he believed it would be difficult to defeat Kennedy, or after his assassination, Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson. The US was also perceived to have lost the war disastrously and Nixon gained little by delaying the withdrawal. I know how it feels to lose a close one."[137]. On taking office in 1969, he stepped up covert operations against Cuba and its president, Fidel Castro. Richard Nixon in 1969, whereby the United States would thereafter support allies facing military [310][311][312] During the impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998, both sides tried to use Nixon and Watergate to their advantage: Republicans suggested that Clinton's misconduct was comparable to Nixon's, while Democrats contended that Nixon's actions had been far more serious than Clinton's. They turn on you. Tom Wicker of The New York Times noted that Nixon had been equalled only by Franklin Roosevelt in being five times nominated on a major party ticket and, quoting Nixon's 1962 farewell speech, wrote, Richard Nixon's jowly, beard-shadowed face, the ski-jump nose and the widow's peak, the arms upstretched in the V-sign, had been so often pictured and caricatured, his presence had become such a familiar one in the land, he had been so often in the heat of controversy, that it was hard to realize the nation really would not "have Nixon to kick around anymore". The U.S. invasions of Cambodia in 1970 and Laos in 1971, for example, employed U.S. ground troops. Nevertheless, he appointed more women to administration positions than Lyndon Johnson had. - Nixon hoped to use China to counter balance Soviet power [25] In addition to the society, his studies, and work at the store, Nixon found time for extracurricular activities; he became known as a champion debater and hard worker. For other uses, see, American newspaper covers of May 9, 1958, show student protests at the, President Nixon shakes hands with Chinese Premier, Nixon and Zhou Enlai toast during Nixon's 1972 visit to China, U.S. House of Representatives (19471950), Governmental initiatives and organization, Reelection, Watergate scandal, and resignation, see especially page 2 (after introductory material) in which a bar graph displays NHLBI funding for sickle cell research from FY 1972 through FY 2001, totaling $923 million for these thirty years, starting at $10 million for 1972, then about $15 million a year through 1976, about $20 million for 1977, etc, John W. Malsberger, "Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and the Fund Crisis of 1952,", Gellman, Irwin. The Richard Nixon Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization, EIN: 52-1278303. Nixon established a new relationship with the Middle East, eliminating Soviet dominance in the region. The price increase hurt U.S. consumers of oil and gasoline. [120] Nevertheless, as late as two months before the 1964 Republican National Convention, Nixon fulfilled his promise to remain out of the presidential nomination process and instead gave his support to the eventual Republican nominee, Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater. He left while devoting half his address to a recitation of his accomplishments in office. [13] Richard was twelve years old when a spot was found on his lung, and with a family history of tuberculosis, he was forbidden to play sports.