require, nor may any flight crew member perform any duties during a critical And as evidenced by literally Some operators use surface to 18,000 feet as the "sterile zone", while others apply the sterile cockpit principle from Top of Descent/Pre-Descent checklist, in the descent, and up to Top of Climb/En-Route checklist, on departure. clearances and altitude deviations) increases when a crew member is out of the It has everything to do with a pure mental environment. It is easy to determine whether an error is induced by a misconception or by a simple lack of motor skills. Do not talk to the student on short final of the landing approach, During a post-solo debriefing, the flight instructor discusses what took place during the students solo flight. [Figure 8-1] The application of outmoded instructional procedures or the preparation of students using obsolete certification requirements is inexcusable. SRM is the art and science of managing all resources (both onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome of the flight, These key principles are often collectively called ADM. A problem is perceived first by the senses, and then is distinguished through insight and experience. Two steps to improve flight safety are identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight and learning behavior modification techniques, Flight instructors must be able to spot hazardous attitudes in a student because recognition of hazardous thoughts is the first step toward neutralizing them. DHC Dash 7. The ability to ride on an air carrier's Some airlines have installed a cockpit-controlled "sterile cockpit FAR 121.542 As a pilot gains experience, he or she will develop a consistent roll-in and roll-out technique for various types of turns. The first noticeable effect of dehydration is fatigue, which in turn makes top physical and mental performance difficult, if not impossible. By noticing this discrepancy, she has recognized a change. Onset of this condition may be recognized by the symptoms of dehydration, but also has been known to be recognized only by complete collapse. not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the For this type of instruction to be fully effective, the use of instrument references should begin the first time each new maneuver is introduced. the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger The importance of teaching students effective ADM skills can not be overemphasized. While progress is continually being made in the advancement of pilot training methods, aircraft equipment and systems, and services for pilots, accidents still occur. ADM training focuses on the decision-making process and the factors that affect a pilots ability to make effective choices, Timely decision-making is an important tool for any pilot. Without resolution, human performance continues to fall off, and judgment becomes impaired so that unwarranted risks may be taken. This was our second highest source of deviation The amount of training any student can absorb without incurring debilitating fatigue varies. This practice should continue throughout the flight instruction for all maneuvers. Flight instructors should not exceed their own ability to perceive a problem, decide upon a course of action, and physically react within their ability to fly the aircraft, Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) section 121.542 requires flight crewmembers to refrain from nonessential activities during critical phases of flight. This tendency will dissipate with time, but allowing the student to see the effect of his or her control input is a valuable aid in illustrating the stability of the aircraft. This is the only step in which the student plays a passive role. lesson was also learned. He also finds charts and a lesson plan he can use. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. Before leaving this phase, the instructor should encourage students to ask questions about any step of the procedure that they do not understand, The instructor must show students the actions necessary to perform a skill. In this step, the student actually plays the role of instructor, telling the instructor what to do and how to do it. In spite of the existence of the was sitting on the jump seat. With a little arm twisting I convinced him . This is why once an initial assumption is made regarding the problem, other sources must be used to verify that the pilots conclusion is correct, While on a cross-country flight, Brenda discovers her time en route between two checkpoints is significantly longer than the time she originally calculated. [Figure 8-4], The flight instructor needs to be well prepared and highly organized if complex maneuvers and procedures are to be taught effectively. Resources must not only be identified, but students must also develop the skills to evaluate whether they have the time to use a particular resource and the impact that its use would have upon the safety of flight. When an instructor is teaching a maneuver to a student, the instructor normally demonstrates the maneuver first, then has the student follow along on the controls during a demonstration and, finally, the student performs the maneuver with the instructor following along on the controls. For example, the assistance of ATC may be very useful if a pilot is lost. Scenario-based training (SBT), a type of PBL, uses a highly structured script of real world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. For example, when en route, the student can be asked to explain the actions that need to be taken during the approach to the airport. This is usually defined as the taxi, take-off and approach and landing phases, and when operating under 10,000 feet (although each . Things like monitoring altitude on an instrument approach, or procedures for this, such as a "10,000 foot PA announcement," or a Instill importance of "see and avoid" in the student, During landingconduct stabilized approaches, maintain desired airspeed on final, demonstrate good judgment for go-arounds, wake turbulence, traffic, and terrain avoidance. Fatigue can be either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). Activities such as eating meals, engaging in non-essential conversations within the cockpit and non-essential communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. The main responsibility of the Instructor is" "instructor typically teaches subjects that Scouts are eager to learnespecially those such as first aid, camping, and backpackingthat are required for outdoor . When the desired angle of bank is reached, neutralize the ailerons, and trim as appropriate, Lead the roll-out by approximately one-half the number of degrees of the angle of bank. [Figure 8-11], During a lesson, workload can be gradually increased as the instructor monitors the students management of tasks. The Sterile Cockpit/Flight Deck concept involves the restriction of flight crew member activity to that which is operationally essential during busy phases of flight - taxi out, take off, initial climb, intermediate and final approach, landing, and taxi in. These regulations are comprehensive, but there has been increasing recognition that even the strictest compliance with regulations may not be sufficient to guarantee safety. The regulations are carefully worded to apportion the responsibility of keeping the cockpit "sterile." Students who do not understand the principles involved will probably not be able to do this successfully, Flight instructors have the responsibility to provide guidance and restraint with respect to the solo operations of their students. The review shows that there are several practical concepts including Crew Resource Management, checklists and readbacks, sterile cockpit, and human factors of fatigue and stress that healthcare . The instructor realized too late that the gear was still up. [Figure 8-2], Assignment of goals the student considers difficult, but possible, usually provides a challenge and promotes learning. gaisano grand mall mission and vision . Keeping the flight deck well ventilated aids in dissipating excess heat, Students can become apathetic when they recognize that the instructor has made inadequate preparations for the instruction being given, or when the instruction appears to be deficient, contradictory, or insincere. For example, if a discrepancy is found during preflight, what resources can be used to determine its significance? While demonstrating inflight maneuvers, the instructor should explain the required power settings, aircraft attitudes, and describe any other pertinent factors that may apply. The following are examples of distractions that can be used for this training: Drop a pencil. Two reports demonstrated that a cockpit This appendix also includes references to 14 CFR Part 61, Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors, for more details concerning the requirements that must be met to qualify for each respective endorsement. In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. If the student has been adequately prepared and the procedure or maneuver fully explained and demonstrated, meaningful learning occurs. For example, including relaxation time in a busy schedule and maintaining a program of physical fitness can help reduce stress levels. April 4, 2016 by Klauder Phil. However, even when such authority is delegated, the student must be provided an . Checklists should be performed well in advance so there is time to focus on traffic and ATC instructions. Recommendations also provide assurance that the applicant has had a thorough briefing on the PTS and the associated knowledge areas, maneuvers, and procedures. critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crew member from It is recommended that the Captain, during the pre-departure It is not necessarily a function of physical robustness or mental acuity. This is especially important due to the wide variety in global positioning systems (GPS) and glass panel displays, It is the personal responsibility of each flight instructor to maintain familiarity with current pilot training techniques and certification requirements. Dehydration reduces a pilots level of alertness, producing a subsequent slowing of decision-making processes or even the inability to control the aircraft. Certain obstacles are common to flight instruction and may apply directly to the students attitude, physical condition, and psychological make-up. It is important for the demonstration to conform to the explanation as closely as possible. Sterile Cockpit. Instructors should also take care to clearly describe the actions students are expected to perform. The flight instructor must use good judgment when communicating with a solo student. The examples shown contain the essential elements of each endorsement. The pilot lost directional control during landing and swerved off the runway into the grass. cockpit rule. Before endorsing a student for solo flight, the instructor should require the student to demonstrate consistent ability to perform all of the fundamental maneuvers, Instructors should teach students how to solve ordinary problems encountered during flight. the aircraft was slightly off course and flying at an altitude of 560 important. Therefore, rest alone may not resolve chronic fatigue, Chronic fatigue is a combination of both physiological problems and psychological issues. The steps leading to this conclusion constitute the decision-making process. cockpit rider not be allowed to create distractions. of air carrier accidents and serious incidents, the traveling public feels the attention is diverted from the task of flying, the chance of error increases. Instructor responsibilities include teaching the student to divide his or her attention between the distracting task and maintaining control of the aircraft. For more information on how to reduce the odds of becoming involved in a midair collision, see www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/tracon/anchorage/pilots_info/mca/, Assessment is an essential component of the teaching process and determines how, what, and how well a student is learning. here to go to FAR 121.542 and 135.100 .). Instructors can teach this skill by prompting their students to prepare for a high workload. Signing this recommendation imposes a serious responsibility on the flight instructor. When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. With the flight vividly etched in the students memory, questions about the flight will come quickly, Correction of student errors should not include the practice of immediately taking the controls away when a mistake is made. It is equally important for the student to learn the feel of the airplane while conducting maneuvers, such as being able to feel when the airplane is out of trim or in a nose-high or nose-low attitude. Stress is the bodys response to demands placed upon it. These procedures are especially important prior to entering a high-density traffic area, such as Class B airspace, To manage workload, items should be prioritized. It is neither appropriate nor effective for instructors to try to impress students with their expertise by using language that is unnecessarily complicated. Truly, the sterile Typically during a flight, the pilot has time to examine any changes that occur, gather information, and assess risk before reaching a decision. The sterile cockpit rule is a good rule because When pointing out areas that need improvement, offer concrete suggestions that help. It is important that the student understand options that may be available to decrease workload. Examples of all common endorsements can be found in the current issue of AC 61-65, Appendix 1. The Practical Test Standard (PTS) is not a teaching tool. When necessary, the instructor should take the controls and calmly announce, "I have the flight controls." a very fine elucidation. The student must be intellectually and psychologically ready for the learning activity. Motivation also declines when a student believes the instructor is making unreasonable demands for performance and progress. These data demonstrate increased distraction during emergence compared with other phases of anaesthesia. Air traffic controllers, take notice: Distractions caused by flight attendants A student who is airsick or bothered with incipient airsickness is incapable of learning at a normal rate. The overall focus of flight training should be on education, learning, and understanding why the standards are there and how they were set. Instruction must be keyed to the utilization of the interests and enthusiasm students bring with them, and to diverting their attention from their worries and troubles to learning the tasks at hand. sterile cockpit rule is really important, so we'll adhere to it. 2014; 114(2):47-55. The FAA imposed the rule in 1981 after reviewing a series of accidents. A positive three-step process in the exchange of flight controls between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly recommended. [Figure 8-3], Poor instructional presentations may result not only from poor preparation, but also from distracting mannerisms, personal untidiness, or the appearance of irritation with the student. Therefore, in addition to forcing total concentration on the part of the student, this method provides a means for keeping the instructor aware of what the student is thinking. Aspiring instructors should be prepared to specialise and dedicate their careers to the field of training, leaving others to management and operational leadership. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. Through doing, students learn to follow correct procedures and to reach established standards. A look at two of these For example, changes to regulatory requirements may affect the wording, or the instructor may customize the endorsement for any special circumstances of the applicant. connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier runway! If the flight instructor has trained and prepared the applicant competently, the applicant should have no problem passing the practical test, A flight instructor who fails to ensure a student meets the requirements of regulations prior to endorsing solo flight or additional rating exhibits a serious deficiency in performance. During training, CFIs can routinely point out resources to students, Internal resources are found in the flight deck during flight. This is by far the most important flight instructor responsibility.